Witchcraft Essay Example For Students

Witchcraft Essay WITCHCRAFT: WHAT IS IT REALLY? For my final project, I choose the non-ordinary topic of witchcraft. I was not and am not, interested in researching this to learn how to become a witch and to practice the craft. My intent in doing this project stemmed from the fact that I am a Christian. This class has showed me how to have a more open mind, and how gaining knowledge provides understanding. I wanted to see what is fact and what is false about the myths and stereotypes about witches and witchcraft. To fully explore this subject I have found information on the history of witchcraft and its evolution into the religion of Wicca that is practiced today. I have also looked into how the media today and in the past has presented witches and the type of propaganda that they use that further in the falsehoods that still are present about the craft. Another aspect of my project is two interviews that I conducted with people associated with witchcraft, Meghan Lewis and Carol Karlsen. Witchcraft t he religion is quite old. Practices have said to be dated back to Neolithic â€Å"Stone Age† cave painting, but it is hard to be completely certain if the pictures have been interpreted properly. Witchcraft is known to have grown out of pre-Christian pagan beliefs. The beliefs have developed over the years, being taken from various sources. The idea of witchcraft took a major turn around the end of the mid-evil period. Around the 1500’s the religion of witchcraft no longer become accepted. The Catholic Church in Europe began inquisitions and the persecutions of people they believed to be witches. Before this time the definition of a witch had a person such as a healer or sorcerer/sorceress. Often the people who were known as witches were â€Å"wise folk† or â€Å"good witches.† They were often old, and believed that their knowledge of herbs used in medicine was due to their age. Starting in about the thirteenth century the concept of what a witch was chan ged that a person who was called a witch was believed to have it in with Satan and practicing evil. The idea of there being good witches was no longer accepted, and a series of witch trials began to continued on until around the end of the 1600’s, spreading from Europe to the New World of America. Execution of accused witches occurred in many counties throughout Europe. Some of common things that witches were blamed for causing were destructive storms; non-producing crops or animals, diseases, sterility, death, possession of humans and making them do outrageous acts. The Romans and Greeks were also known to put some people to death for being witches. People who were in witches in those societies were believed to move around at night causing the evils of humanity. In most of Europe, though, a witch was someone who was conspiring with the devil, which during the mid-evil times was a great offense. The people of this era were very devout in their religion, and the devil was high ly feared. To have a person who was supposed to be connected to the devil was something that just could not be accepted. Some of the first executions in Europe that occurred for the crime of witchcraft took place between the years of 1347-1400 in France. Sixty-seven were burned for being involved with the craft. In the 1400’s, the Catholic Church became a key player and influencer in the persecution of witches. It was declared by the church that witchcraft was a â€Å"hostile threat† to Christianity and that a crackdown on the ending the practice was necessary. It was at this time that the idea that witches were agents of the devil became a common belief. They were suspected by some to be on earth to do evil on God’s people. Much of how one would be declared a witch was based upon a book commissioned by the Pope. It was written by two monks, Heinrich Kraemer and Jacob Sprenger, and is entitled â€Å"malleies malificarum† or â€Å"The Witches’ Hamm er.† It outlined various aspects that were considered against that were a crime to be participating in, and defined someone as a witch. Witchcraft was be outlawed in England in the year 1541, and in 1604, capital punishment became the ramification for a person who was a witch or pagan. The inquisition of witches continued to occur in Europe throughout the 1500’s and 1600’s. In 1515, more than five hundred charged witches were executed in Geneva. In 1589, one hundred and thirty-three men, women and children were burned in one day for being witches. Between the years of 1591 and 1600, three hundred were put to death in Switzerland. Also, in Sweden, during the time between 1674-1677, seventy-one were burned for suspected involvement in the craft. The people who were put to death often went through much torture before their lives were finally ended. The mid-evil times in Europe are somewhat known for the variety of tortures and devices used on people when accused of various crimes. Some of these punishments that accused witches would be subjected to include: thumbscrews, the rack, and boots that were made to break the person’s legs. The accused were often deprived sleep and food as well, while awaiting their inevitable death. Many times the person accused of witchcraft were subjected to these tortures because they would not confess. They would be continually put through pain until they declared participating in witchcraft, and then they would die. The situation was no win, many would die from torture, and if they didn’t then they would confess and die because for that reason. Two famous trials that took place in Europe are that of Joan of Arc and Urbain Grandier. Joan of Arc was accused of heresy and witchcraft. She admitted to hearing voices that she claimed belonged to St. Michael, St. Catherine of Alexandria, and St. Margaret. She also declared that these voices instructed her to help in the Hundred Years’ War. Though he r involvement actually turned the war in Frances favor, she was put in trial for the wearing of masculine attire and for acting on God and not for the Catholic Church. She was burned at the stake for her â€Å"crimes.† Twenty-five years after her burning, the church revoked the decision, declaring her innocent, and a heroine due to her assistance in the war. Urbain Grandier was a respected priest in the town of Loudun, France. He was prosecuted for the crime of sorcery, evil spells, and causing the possession of Ursuline nuns at a convent in his town. The accusations by these women were the focus of his charge. They suddenly began barking, screaming, contorting they bodies out of pain, and participating in acts of blaspheme. When asked, they stated that Garndier was the reason for their outrageous actions. At his trial, seventy-two people testified to have witnessed his â€Å"witchcraft† actions, and based upon these testimonies he was burned alive. Studying the cause after the fact, it has been stated by many that the real reason for Garndier being accused had nothing to do with him actually being involved with witchcraft. Many historians believe that he was highly associated with politics and was not liked, and murdered due to this. They believe that the nuns’ actions were part of a conspiracy with higher government officials in the town. With this snowballing effect of witchcraft inquisitions throughout Europe, it was bound to spread across the seas to the young New World colonies. The small village of Salem would be the one to get hit. The events that took place in Salem are a part of American history that have lived throughout the years, and are still studied to this day. Salem Village was the first European settlement in what is now called Danvers, Massachusetts. Salem Village developed into its own entity and parish from breaking off the already existing Salem Town when a group of farmers moved to this area petitioning for its indep endence. This occurred in 1689, and the village became established with its church led by the Reverend Samuel Parris. The beginning of the accusations occurred because of the daughter and niece of Rev. Samuel Parris. In the winter of 1692, nine-year-old Elizabeth Parris and Abigail Williams suddenly seemed to fall ill. They began displaying unexplainable and frightening behaviors. The girls would dive under furniture, contort their bodies in painful positions, claim that they were being bit and poked by some unseen force, bark, scream gibberish, and claim to see frightening apparitions. Other girls in the neighboring homes started experiencing these same symptoms. These girls included eleven-year-old Ann Putman, seventeen-year-old Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, Elizabeth Hubbard, Susannah Sheldon, and Mary Warren, making the total number inflicted eight. The town called in Dr. William Griggs to examine the girls, and hopefully get an explanation for their outrageous behaviors. Even befo re the doctor’s assessment of the girls’ condition, there were rumors going around the village that witchcraft may be the cause. These are partly attributed to a book that had been recently published by Cotton Mather. It was entitled â€Å"Memorable Providences,† and told the tale of a woman in Ireland that had been possessed by a witch. The woman’s behavior in the book was similar to that displayed by the infected girls. After Dr. Griggs fully examined the girls, and tired various methods to cure them, he had no answer. In the meantime, the disease seemed to be spreading with some adults being infected. He finally suggested that the supernatural might be at play in the cases of these little girls. The individuals living the Salem Village were strict Puritans. Some of the behaviors that the girls were exhibiting were scaring the community, and causing many to believe somehow the devil was involved. Many of the people in the village were convinced that wit chcraft and Satan were coming to breakdown this God-fearing town. From the assertion by the doctor, and already existing opinions that witchcraft was the cause, the accusations began. Parris and Williams made the first allegations of specific persons being participating in witchcraft and causing the epidemic that was taking place in the town. The girls accused three women, Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborn. Tituba was a Caribbean woman that worked as a slave to the Parris family. She had been suspected by many as a witch due to the different beliefs of her native culture. Sarah Good was an old beggar woman that some would consider a social outcast. Sarah Osborn was also an old woman known for being quarrelsome and for not attending church on a regular basis. These three women were placed in jail and schedule for trials of witchcraft in March. After these first condemnations, many more followed, with the jails filling up more and more everyday. As the number of people in jail incr ease, the less likely it seemed that some should be there. Others accused included the very pious and frail Rebecca Nurse; Martha Corey, wife of a successful farm; Deliverance Hobbs; Bridget Bishop, owner of a house of brothel; Sarah Cloyce; Goodwife Proctor, wife of a rich farmer and Mary Easty. Also, the four-year-old daughter of Sarah Good, Dorcas, would be accused of being tied to witchcraft as well. Three of the girls had complained that they were bitten by Dorcas’s specter. It soon turned that it wasn’t just females being implicated, some males were said to witches. The wealthy Phillip English and George Burroughs, a former pastor in Salem joined the women in confinement. The first of the accused to confess to witchcraft was the Parris’s slave Tituba. She said in her testimony that she had met a man that sometimes would appear as a dog or hog, and he would ask her to sign his book to do work for him (the devil). She declared that she was a witch, and that she, Good and Osborn had flown in the air over the poles. More and more trials, confessions, and denials followed this initial act by Tituba. When the women would come into the courtroom the girls would scream and say that they were being hurt, or other various horrid things by the â€Å"witch† When it was all over, nearly 25 died. Sarah Osborn died in prison; Sarah Good, Bridget Bishop, Rebecca Nurse, George Burroughs, Martha Corey, Mary Easty were all hanged; and the husband of Martha Corey, Giles, was pressed to death under two heavy stones which took a period of two days. He and his wife were the last victims of the witch-hunt that had become an epidemic in this little village of Salem. Early Autumn of 1692 brought an ending to this awful period in American history. Many doubts were starting to develop in people of the town due to the social stance of some of the accused held. Increase Mather published a book entitled â€Å"Cases of Conscience† which argued the mor als behind what had been taking place over the past few months. There are many theories that have developed since the end of the witch trials of Salem. These ideas have also come up in the study of the witch-hunts in Europe. Where people making this up? Where their social reasons that they wanted certain murdered and used witchcraft as the mode? As one can see, over this period the concept of what a witch was become skewed from the original definition. During the times between the 1300’s to the late 1600’s, the practice of religion of witchcraft became somewhat of a secret society. What these secret witches were practicing was not in the same form that the church categorized witchcraft as. After the late 1600’s, witchcraft remained a quiet practice by its followers. Then, in 1897, and book was written entitled â€Å"Aradia† or The Gospel of the Witches,† by Godfrey Liland. Though it went unnoticed, it was a beginning of resurgence of the true religi on of witchcraft in society. About fifteen to twenty years after Liland’s novel was publish an Egyptologist, Dr. Margaret Alice Murray, discovered some documents on witchcraft. Information in these records stated that witchcraft was actually a mix of ancient, pre-Christianity, nature/fertility based religion. Murray furthered researched this information to find it to be true. She went on to study the laws that the church had implemented during the times of the witch-hunts. In researching the information on the this topic she found evidence supporting the validity that witchcraft has nothing to do with Satan, and that they churches knew this the entire time. She published her findings in a work called â€Å"The Witch-Cult in Western Europe.† These works initiated the reformation of the craft and its ability to be practiced by people without fearing for their lives. Modern witchcraft, or the general term, Wicca, has many forms and has evolved from different areas. This c hart shows the basic evolution of witchcraft. Many new-age practices of Wicca are based off the beliefs established by Aleistel Crowley. An outline of his doctrines was presented in his biography and provided a basis for many who were seeking a form of witchcraft to practice. From his basic concepts grew what is known as â€Å"Gardinerian† style of Wicca. Gerald Brosseau Gardner, a follower of Crowley, developed it. The â€Å"Alexandian† style was begun by Alex Sanders, and has many of the same concepts that are practiced by the Gardinearian witches. Miriam Simos, or Starhawk, is the founder of the feminist Wicca in the United States. She runs an organization known as The Covenant of the Goddess, which combines feminism and the Gardinerian style. Though there are many different styles of Wicca one could practice, there are many basic concepts that are consistent in most of the different types. Many of the basic beliefs of witchcraft counteract the myths and stereotypes the today’s society has about what witchcraft is. A witch can be male or female, and is defined as one who practices Wicca. Witchcraft is a nature religion, not unlike that of shamanism, and is considered pagan religion. With this concept of worshipping nature, witches believe in the idea of dualism. What this means is that they believe that everything in nature, including humans, has a male and female (this can be related to Christianity’s good/evil concept). The God and The Goddess of Wicca represent the male/female aspect of nature. These are what witches worship; so when one asks if a witch believes in God, the answer is yes, but as a creative force and not in the Christian sense. The Goddess of Wicca represents the continuation of existence in nature and she has three forms. The first is Herodias, or The Maiden who is the symbol of birth and beginning. One who worships this form of the goddess must be a virgin, but one who follows The Maiden is said to have the i nnocence of perception and stronger psychic abilities. The second form is Diana Gaia, or The Mother. She represents life in its’ prime. Her followers learn to use sex as a power source and don’t have the â€Å"blind spots† that sometimes occur from having a perception of innocence. The final form is Hecate, Anatha, or The Crone. She is believed to represent death and ending. Witches that follow the path of The Crone gain wisdom and objectivity that comes with age. The God of Wicca is the symbol of the male element of nature; he represents cycles, that of a year (birth, life, death and re-birth). He is believed to born to The Goddess, and dies on all hallows’ eve each year. Some types of Wicca believe that The God has three forms-the blue God of spring, the green God of summer, and the brown God of fall. As one can see, witches do not worship the devil. In the morals of the craft, there actually is no incentive for witches to do evil work, and they do not worship any evil entities at all. A basic concept of Wicca is that of the â€Å"Three-Fold Law,† which says that whatever you do comes back to you three times, so witches only want to do good. Another basic aspect in Wicca is that of the rede. It states â€Å" An’ye harm none, do what ye will.† What this is saying, is that witches do not believe in harming anyone or anything, and so as long as a witch practices that idea they can do what they want. Witches do practice magick and spells, but not in the sense that most think of them. Spells are related back to strong prayer for something. Magick in Wicca is the effect of a spell. There are often magick referred as black and white. Many witches do not like these terms; but the basic idea that white magick is done with a general intent of good and black magick is done with the intent to effect the free will of someone specifically. For example, black magick could be trying to make a person fall in love with you. Wit ches do use tools in their spells/prayers that they believe hold powers in aiding them with they work. This is much like that of the shamans as well. Some basic tools and symbols are used by most that practice Wicca. The Pentagram or Pentacle is a five-pointed star in an upright, one-point up position. It is known as the symbol of witchcraft. The top point symbolizes the creator ruling the four elements of nature, air-love, fire-knowledge, water-wisdom and the earth-truth. The circle enclosing the star stands for the Deity. Other tools include candles of various coloring representing different things. The anthame is a dagger (dull, not used to cut) used to center energy when performing a spell. The wand is used in spells to invoke the energy of The God or The Goddess. The cauldron is used in many rituals especially during various holidays. The censer is an incense burner that is used in offerings to the Deities. The Book of Shadows is created by all witches and holds a witch’ s rituals, spells, dreams, and anything important to their practice. Witches also have various statues, icons, jewels, and still other various things that old special meaning to them. Another aspect of Wicca is the holidays that most witches celebrate. The most well known, but not by this name is, Samhain. It occurs on October 31, and is the eve of the Celtic New Year and first day of Winter. It is believed that on this night the line between the material world and the spiritual world is the easiest to cross over. Yule occurs on December 21 or 22, and is the night of the winter solstice. The God is re-born to bring light and warmth back to the earth. Imbold (Candlemas) fall on February 2 and is in celebration of the first stirrings of the year. It is also in celebrating of the three phases of The Goddess. There is also Ostara on March 21 or 22 serving as a reminder that light and dark are in balance. Still other holidays include Beltane, Litha, Lammas, and Mabon all representing a c elebration in a change in nature or of The God or The Goddess. All of these facts of Wicca are just a basic understanding of what in religion entails. Most witches believe that your practice is what you make of it yourself, and what you want to believe is fine as long as it if for your own purpose and done out of good. When studying the history and the facts of witchcraft, I took a personal interest in the effects of the history of witchcraft on its view in popular culture. Witches are a common theme in many works of literature, TV programs and movies. Who hasn’t heard of the three witches of Macbeth that gave him his fate? There was also the popular program of Bewitched were Samantha was called a witch because she could cast the notion of what many thought was a spell, and also make things just appear when she wanted them too. Many times the stereotypes, in general, that are presented in the multi-media venue are taken from some truths in society. I feel that for witchcraft typecasts that are placed in witches in TV and the movies are just based upon popular culture and have no real backing. While doing this project I watched a couple shows that are on TV now that have witchcraft as a topic for the show. One show that is on is called Charmed; it is about three sisters who practice the craft. Some of information presented held true to that of what Wicca is, but some of was changed for entertainment purposes. Another program I viewed was Sabrina the Teenage Witch. The show is true example on how witches have gotten the label that they still have today. Sabrina, her two aunts and her cat are all witches. On this episode, they all can just cast spells at the drop of a hat to make things â€Å"magically† appear. Another aspect I noticed while doing this project was the reaction I received from people when I told them what my topic was. Many kind of looked at me weird, some asked if I believed it, and others inquired if I was learning how to cast spel ls. The impression that I got was there is a true ignorance in American culture to the knowledge of what true Wicca and witchcraft is today. When pondering why this is, I realized that much of that has to do with how witches are portrayed. No TV show or movie has ever accurately shown how Wicca is practiced because it wouldn’t be entertaining. It is easy to fuel the misconceptions what of witchcraft is. Some of this is understandable and unchangeable; we are never going to get rid of the woman dressed in black with a pointed hat and a wart on her nose as the traditional image of a witch. This project opened my eyes to how stereotypes and myths can be easily furthered by the media. Another personal aspect of this project is two interviews that I conducted with women associated to witchcraft. One was with a woman named Meghan Lewis, who practices worshipping nature, and believes in some of the Wicca concepts. The second interview was with Carol Karlsen, a professor in Womenâ₠¬â„¢s Studies at the University of Michigan. She is teaching a course in the history of witchcraft. These two interviews provided me with some opinions and personal aspects on witchcraft that I had not found in my previous research. Meghan Lewis is a woman that one can just tell is educated. She begins our first conversation wanting to know what I wanted kind of information I was interested in so she could prepare for the second time that we planned to talk and conduct the interview. In the process of the interview, I personally enjoyed just listening to her talk about her beliefs and views on witchcraft, or more so, nature based religion. She became interested in these kinds of beliefs when she took a six-week class in women’s spirituality. They focused on the theories of the native American religions and that of Celtic religion that interested her due to her Scottish and English ancestry. After this course, she began meditating at the Arb, and getting more in touch with nat ure. This began a reorientation of herself to nature and she began deriving power from nature. In speaking with Meghan, I could tell that she has done much work into the study of Wicca religion, and on the concept of worshipping nature. She says that she doesn’t necessarily practice Wicca, but she does practice many of the Wicca concepts. She informed me that Wicca is a Gaelic term that means to shirt awareness and to bend and change. In her spell work, or worship, she uses her paintings. She feels she can connect herself to nature through her paintings. She also believes in the power of will and works with the chakras of the body, on in particular being the abs, which symbolize the seed of will. She also defined her spell work as most of the information on Wicca I found did; it is work for a desired outcome, but not bad. That is actually one thing that hit me about Meghan, she was so calm and just seemed peaceful. This is just the feeling that I got over the phone; she had a very soothing voice and was very interested in helping me out with my project. Overall, the interview with Meghan gave me a personal look into someone who is practicing everything that I have read about while doing research for this project. It really showed me how one applies these beliefs to their everyday life. She also gave me the names of some books that I did not come across in my research that sound very interesting to read and I plan to try to pick them up. My interview with Carol Karlsen was extremely informative as well. She has spent a lot of time studying witchcraft, especially the woman’s aspect of it. She wrote a book that I actually came across in my research but wasn’t able to check it out, entitled â€Å"The Devil in the Shape of a Women.† What this book focuses on is the women and the girls of the Salem witch trials. I asked Karlsen what are her beliefs on the Salem trials, since the questions have come up to whether these girls were telling t he truth. She gave me an overview of what she has come to believe through her research. She thinks that there was something wrong with the girls. Some kind of psychological disturbance through fear of the devil, or something, may have been the actual cause, as she hypothesized. She also discussed the social standing of most of the women that were accused of the crime of witchcraft. She said that most were either the only daughter, widows with land, wives with sons, and wives with no children. Many were also old and not quite pillars of the society, yet some were, but then that goes back the theory of the social standing. She basically inferred is that there is a possibility that these women were put on trial as the cause of the girls’ illnesses as an excuse to kill them, or inhibit them from having the husbands’ land since it wasn’t accepted at them time for a women to own land and money. We also talked about the class that she teaches at the University that I h ope I can take in the future. This semester what is going to cover is what I have done here, but I am sure it will be further in depth with more concepts that I have been able to come up with for my project. She said that she is going to lecture on the history of European witchcraft, Salem, and then popular culture of witchcraft. That last aspect is what intrigued me the most while doing my project, so I truly hope I can someday take her class. When doing my research for this project I was stunned at the amount of information that is out there about witchcraft. I also found that there are so many different interpretations to what witchcraft really is, and it can almost be confusing at times. I did get everything I hoped out of doing this project. I wanted to learn about witchcraft because I didn’t really know what was true about it and what was false. I also realized that I wanted to know to be informed so that I feel comfortable having a view on a topic. One thing that I hav e learned through this class is just to be open to new ideas, even if you don’t plan on believing them I think it makes a person more well-rounded the more knowledge they have. I think it is ignorant for people to refuse to learn about psychic abilities, healing, or witchcraft based upon the reason they don’t believe in it. It often makes me wonder if they are so fickle in their beliefs, that reading about other things that are out there will change who they are. I know that I am a very firm Christian, but I am also very accepting of the other religions that are out there. One thing that I did discover in reading about the religion of Wicca is that many of the basic principles are the same just the specifics vary. I don’t use candles to pray, or worship gods of the earth, but I have my own beliefs and so do witches. The project gave me a unique experience and a very informative on into a topic that I had many misconceptions that have been absolved. Witchcraft an d Wicca has had its share of problems, but I have respect for people who stand up for their beliefs and support something even though its not considered part of the norm in today’s conforming society. Bibliography:Bibliography WORKS CITED Baker, Kevin. â€Å"The History of Wicca.† 1 December, 1999. http://www.spiritonline.com/wicca/history.html. Barstow, Anne Lyewellyn. Witchcraze. San Fransisco, CA: Pandora, 1994. â€Å"Best Witches.† 20 May, 1999. http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/jup/witches/qa/q137.htm Catala. â€Å"The Burning Times.† Catala Silvermoon. January 1997. 8 December, 1999. http://www.silvermoon.net/catala/burning/times.htm Godbeer, Richard. The Devil’s Dominion. New York, NY: Cambridge Press, 1992. Lea, Henry Charles, LL.D. History of Witchcraft. New York, NY: Thomas Yoseloff, 1957. Lee. â€Å"General.† The Truth about Witchcraft. February, 1998. 1 December, 1999. http://www.tgka.com/lee/wcraft.htm Lewis, Meghan. Telephone Intervie w. 13 December, 1999. Linder, Douglas. â€Å"An Account of the Events in Salem.† Famous American Trials. 1998. 2 December, 1999. http://www.law.umke.edu/faculty/Projects/ftrials/salem/SAL_ACCT.htm Mair, Lucy. Witchcraft. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1969. â€Å"What is a Witch?† Salem Tarot Page. 5 December, 1999. www.salemtarot.com/whatawitch.html â€Å"Wiccan Holidays.† The Salem Witch Village. 5 December, 1999. http://www.salemwitchvillage.com/sabbats.htm. â€Å"Witchcraft.† 1 December, 1999. http://topaz.kenyon.edu/projects/margin/witch.htm â€Å"Witchcraft_102FAQSheet.† 2 December, 1999. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/2188/we102faq.htm â€Å"Witchcraft: A Brief History.† 1 December, 1999. Salem Wax Museum. http://www.salaemwaxuseum.com/twitch.htm â€Å"Witchcraft The Facts.† 6 December,1999. http://www.blast.net/norm3vog/prnt-it.html Word Count: 5188 .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 , .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .postImageUrl , .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 , .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202:hover , .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202:visited , .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202:active { border:0!important; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202:active , .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202 .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8808c2d4c6d55989b4991e7c0b5e9202:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Prostitution Why Not Legalize It Essay We will write a custom essay on Witchcraft specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Walkabout essays

Walkabout essays In the novel Walkabout, the writer, James Vance Marshall, wants us to understand accepting differences. He shows us this idea through the character of Mary. Throughout this book, Mary overcomes this idea and accepts the culture that is not familiar to her. At the beginning of the book Mary did not appreciate the Bush Boy for helping out Mary and Peter. Mary did whatever she can to avoid the Bush Boy and even tried to get her brother from getting near him. The girls first impulse was to grab Peter and run, but as her eyes swept over the stranger, her fear died away. Mary at first thought the Bush Boy was a threat to her, giving her fear and curiosity on whether she should trust the Bush Boy or not. She gradually became familiar with the Bush Boy and realized that he was not as bad as she thought he was. Still Mary could not become friendly with him like her brother is. The one thing that was blocking their friendship was the nakedness of the Bush Boy. Yet his nakedness still appalled her. She felt guilty every time she looked at him. She told herself that it wasnt his fault he was naked, that his nakedness was due, purely and simply, to his primitive way of life. But this didnt make it, for her, any more acceptable. Altho ugh she could not accept this feature of the Bush Boy, Mary still followed him and trusted in what he did for Peter and Mary. As they continued their voyage Mary still showed no sign of care for the Bush Boy. When Peter told Mary that the Bush Boy is going to die, Mary said that it was just a cold and that it would go away. I think hes sick, Mary. He looks O.K to me. Hes got a cold, Pete. Like you had. Nothing to bother about. Mary never really cared about the Bush Boy as much her brother, Peter did. Mary went on throughout the journey without really caring about the Bush Boys health. Later in the book, the Bu...

3 Revised Run-In Lists

3 Revised Run-In Lists 3 Revised Run-In Lists 3 Revised Run-In Lists By Mark Nichol A run-in list is one that is incorporated into the body of a sentence, rather than formatted as a numbered, unnumbered, or bulleted list with each item on a separate line. Such a list, unfortunately, often invites errors when writers don’t attend to interrelationships among the items or become intimidated into believing that organizing the items is more complicated than it really is. Here are three types of errors introduced into run-in lists and how to remedy them. 1. â€Å"Students plant trees to halt coastal erosion, monitor water quality, and educate others about the importance of environmental stewardship.† As written, the sentence suggests that students plant trees to accomplish the three goals subsequently listed. However, the trees were planted only to control coastal erosion; the other two items in the sentence are separate activities. To eliminate ambiguity, reorder the three items, simultaneously improving the sentence rhythm by placing the activity descriptions in order according to the length of the phrase: â€Å"Students monitor water quality, plant trees to halt coastal erosion, and educate others about the importance of environmental stewardship.† 2. â€Å"With severe fetal alcohol syndrome, there can also be organ deformities, including heart defects; heart murmurs; genital malformations; kidney and urinary defects.† Semicolons are necessary in a sentence containing a run-in list only if one or more items in the list are themselves lists and the sentence cannot be reorganized otherwise. In this case, the list is not complex it consists of a simple roster of typical organ deformities and semicolons are not required. Also, the conjunction in â€Å"kidney and urinary defects† does not serve as a final conjunction in the list unless â€Å"kidney defects† and â€Å"urinary defects† are treated as distinct list items separated by a comma and the conjunction; because they are combined into one item, they must be preceded, as is, by a conjunction. However, to improve sentence rhythm, I placed â€Å"genital malformations† as the last item, so the conjunction precedes that phrase: â€Å"With severe fetal alcohol syndrome, there can also be organ deformities, including heart murmurs and other conditions, kidney and urinary defects, and genital malformations.† 3. â€Å"Preliminary research shows that it: reduces the risk of trauma, decreases the frequency and severity of alcohol misuse, and increases enrollment in specialized alcohol abuse treatment.† A colon should precede a list only when what precedes the colon is a full clause. In this case, the preceding wording is a simple phrase; the colon between the pronoun and the verb is a clumsy interruption: â€Å"Preliminary research shows that it reduces the risk of trauma, decreases the frequency and severity of alcohol misuse, and increases enrollment in specialized alcohol abuse treatment.† (A colon is appropriate in this revision, which is wordier than necessary: â€Å"Preliminary research shows that it has the following outcomes: It reduces the risk of trauma, decreases the frequency and severity of alcohol misuse, and increases enrollment in specialized alcohol abuse treatment.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. Had20 Pairs of One-Word and Two-Word FormsPredicate Complements

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Personal Perspectives of Death and Dying - Essay Example Man doesn’t know from where he comes and doesn’t know when and where he goes. He has come to the world unknowingly and disappearing from the world knowingly. The only thing most of the people does not want in their life is death. I have accepted all the realities mentioned above and most of the times I hated to think about death since such thoughts about death will never give us the opportunity to concentrate in our mission on earth. For me, I came to the earth unknowingly and I strongly believe that some unknown force might have sent me to the earth for some mission. It is our duty to identify the mission and execute it successfully. I believe that once our mission is completed the force which sends us will call us back. Earth is not a permanent place for us and hence what all we received from the earth need to be dispose here itself before going for another mission at another place. In other words the material things which were acquired from the earth will not help us in our future assignment. I believe that the spirit does not have death and hence only the spiritual improvements will help us in our future missions. Those who work on spiritual things also along with other activities on earth will be the wise persons for me. Even though science and technology has advanced a lot, still it was not able to decode the secrets of life. Even the science and technology do not know where our spirit lies or what type of forces driving us. Religions and their teachings will have values till the science discloses the secrets of life and after death situations. Till then it is better not to question the beliefs of religions in my opinion. What is going to happen after death is a question which is unanswered so far and it will remain like that only for ever in my opinion. Religions have defined death and after death situations in their own views. Though most of the beliefs among religions are

The Dust Bowl Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Dust Bowl - Research Paper Example Egan describes it â€Å"as if a curtain were being drawn across a vast stage at world’s end.†1 Much of Egan’s prose has this biblical tinge to it, and it strikes the proper tone for a disaster that seemed like a foretaste of Doomsday. A catastrophic symbiosis occurred. The region’s residents suffered crippling economic and personal privation from which most never recovered; similarly, the region sustained a devastating physical transformation from which it has never fully recovered. And there is irony of biblical proportions at work here, in that the people who endured such abject misery were the same ones who were responsible for the most spectacular climactic shift in American history. The land that farmers so freely exploited was part of an exquisitely delicate eco-system. The pristine grasslands which massive herds of buffalo had kept in check created a root system that held fine, fertile soil in place. When the buffalo were exterminated, the plains Indians whose subsistence depended on them moved further west, leaving only white settlers concerned with profiting from the richness of the land. That meant clearing away the grasses. When the Depression hit and wheat prices fell, farmers were forced to increase their yields, clearing more and more grass in order to do so. Millions of tons of dust were picked up by the highest winds in the United States, rendering bare survival problematic. Farmers found themselves incapable of adjusting to the situation, and agricultural profitability in the region suffered. â€Å"During the Depression and through at least the 1950s, there was limited relative adjustment of farmland away from activities that became relatively less productive in more –eroded areas.†2 In the more-eroded counties, attempts at agricultural adjustment resulted in a recovery of less than 25 percent of initial losses.3 One of the most remarkable aspects of the Dust Bowl, and which speaks to the sheer

Usage of the Outsider Theme in Claude McKays Poetry Essay examples --

Usage of the Outsider Theme in Claude McKay's Poetry Claude McKay was an important figure during the 1920's in the Harlem Rennaisance. Primarily a poet, McKay used the point of view of the outsider as a prevalent theme in his works. This is best observed in such poems as "Outcast," "America," and "The White House." In these poems, McKay portrays the African-American as the outsiderof western society and its politics and laws and at times, the very land that he is native to. McKays's poem, "Outcast," is the most obvious example of this outsider theme. From the title to the last line there are many references to a feeling of alienation and neglect. The voice in the poem longs for "the dim regions whence my fathers came." The voice also longs for "forgotten jungle songs" and yearns to "go back to darkness and to peace." This is the voice of the African-American removed from his native country and made an outsider of his own home. Alienation is also voiced as "I may never hope for full release while to its alien gods I bend my knee." This line illustrates that the...

Kentucky Fried Chicken – Management Mission and Values of the Cupola Group

_ {draw:rect} __ {draw:frame} {draw:rect} {draw:g} _ _ {draw:frame} {draw:rect} {draw:g} _ Table of Contents {text:toc-mark-end} Acknowledgement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. 3 {text:toc-mark-end} Mission Statement {text:toc-mark-end} †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Vision†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} Company Overview {text:toc-mark-end } †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} KFC In Pakistan {text:toc-mark-end} †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} Cupola Pakistan {text:toc-mark-end} †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} KFC Facts {text:toc-mark-end} †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} Performance Overview {text:toc-mark-end} †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} Organization {text:toc-mark-end} Structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦11 {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} Advertisement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 Organizational Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Food, Fun & Festivity, this is what KFC is all about. Leading the market since its inception, KFC provides the ultimate chicken meals for the Chicken Loving Nation. Be it Colonel Sanders secret Original Recipe Chicken or the Hot & Spicy version, every bite brings a YUM on the face. At KFC we proudly say: _ KFC has more than 11,000 restau rants in more than 80 countries and territories around the World__. In 1971, Heublein, Inc. acquired KFC, soon after, conflicts erupted between the Colonel (which was working as a public relations and goodwill ambassador) and Heublein management over quality control issues and restaurant_ _ {draw:frame} _ _ {draw:frame} _ _ {draw:frame} _ _ {draw:frame} _ _ {draw:frame} _ _ {draw:frame} _ _ {draw:frame} _ _ {draw:frame} _ Mission statement: KFC is an internationally renowned fast food industry in the world. They have the main ambition to increase & maintain the quality in fast food industry. Their aim is to capture the fast food market. Basically they want to provide their products to anyone that is why they expending their branches in all over the world. They want to increase their profit through giving maximum satisfaction VISION â€Å"Our passion, as a restaurant company, is to put a YUM on people's faces around the world, satisfying customers every time they eat our food and doing it better than any other restaurant company†. still used today. â€Å"We Do Chicken Right† Perfecting its secret recipe of 11 herbs and spices in 1939, KFC has come a long way, with over 10,000 outlets in the world; KFC has maintained its title, for the last 60 years, of being â€Å"The Chicken Experts†. Kentucky Fried Chicken has become KFC. Does anybody know why? We thought the real reason was because of the â€Å"FRIED† food issue. It's not. The reason why they call it KFC is because they can not use the word chicken anymore. Why? KFC does not use real chickens. They actually use genetically manipulated organisms. These so called â€Å"chickens† are kept alive by tubes inserted into their bodies to pump blood and nutrients throughout their structure. They have no beaks, no feathers, and no feet. _ Their bone structure is dramatically shrunk to get more meat out of them. This is great for KFC because they do not have to pay so much for their production costs. There is no more plucking of the feathers or the removal of the beaks and feet. _ KFC In Pakistan Presently KFC is branched out in nine major cities of Pakistan (Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Multan, Peshawar, Sialkot, Hyderabad, and Islamabad) with 45 outlets nation-wide. Opening the first KFC outlet in Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi in 1997, and KFC wore the title of being the market leader in its industry. Serving delicious and hygienic food in a relaxing environment made KFC everyone’s favorite. Since then, KFC has been constantly introducing new products and opening new restaurants for its customers. About Cupola Cupola is a Dubai based multinational company involved in several business including, oil gas exploration, plastic cards, retail markets and food franchising. Cupola Pakistan Cupola holds the master franchise rights to operate KFC in Pa_kistan since 1999. That was a major difference that when Cupola takes complete Operate in Pakistan that was only 05 Outlets in all over Pakistan, and then now the major difference that Cupola takes 45 Outlets in Pakistan. _ Apart from fulfilling the commitment of serving delicious, fresh and hygienic food and at the same time providing the customers with the ultimate entertainment; KFC also plays part in the economic development of our country. KFC Facts Presently KFC has provided employment to over 1200 Pakistanis, which adds up to 6000 individuals directly dependent on KFC Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan receives over Rs. 10 to 11 million per month from KFC Pakistan as direct taxes. 95% of all food and packaging material used in KFC Pakistan is procured locally, which sums up to a purchase of over Rs. 35 million per month. Each new outlet developed by KFC Pakistan costs approximately Rs. 40 million, which is a huge amount for our construction industry. Annual turn over in Pakistan_ 2. 5 billion. _ KFC doesn’t buy its supplies from Pakistan â€Å"KFC and Pakistan†¦Growing Together† Performance Overview: Organizational Structure: Competition: KFC does not consider Mc Donald’s are its direct competitors. As Mc Donald’s has a limited menu and cater to different segments of society e. g. Mc Donald is catering to lower middle society of Pakistan. Though KFC has faced a little competition from local restaurants but their breakeven in terms of revenue has been done and they are planning to expand further to other cities like Islamabad and Peshawar. Yum! Brands, Inc. International Presence & Competition: The International Portfolio of 5 leading U. S. Brands give Yum! a distinctive advantage over the single-brand competitors. {draw:frame} Customers KFC’s customer market consists solely of the consumer market (Kotler et al 2003). KFC’s products are bought by individuals (males, females, singles, and families). Therefore, the product range KFC offer should appeal to as many people within this consumer market as possible, to ensure that the maximum amount of products can be sold. The characteristics of these individuals and a segmentation of them are discussed later in this report. Company KFC is a multinational fast food chain company that has successfully established itself in the Pakistan market. It has a long history, going back to where Colonel Harland Sanders created its distinct recipes. The KFC brand is well known in Pakistan, which makes it a powerful marketing tool to use against competitors. _ {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} Advertising {text:toc-mark-end} {text: toc-mark-end} One of KFC's_ advertisements is a commercial advertising its â€Å"wicked crunch box meal†. The commercial features a fictional black metal band called â€Å"Hellvetica† performing live, the lead singer then swallows fire. The commercial then shows the lead singer at a KFC eating the â€Å"wicked crunch box meal† and saying â€Å"Oh man that is hot†. _ _In 2007, the original, non-acronymic Kentucky Fried Chicken name was resurrected and began to reappear on company marketing literature and food packaging, as well as some restaurant signage. _ Organizational Structure: The KFC adopted traditional structure for their outlets that other food chains are following. There is one General Manager for Pakistan. The outlet is leaded by the Manager, assisted by two assistant managers, and one shift in-charge for each shift, that supervises the performance of counter workers and kitchen workers. Organizational Chart {draw:frame} ORGANISATION CULTURE _ {draw:frame} _ Big on diversity in the workplace _- Promotes differences in background, ethnic cultures, and values_ – Team-oriented environment – Focuses on teaching everybody something new – Promotes unity in the workplace – Focuses on building relationships and creating diversity and commitment within the company and amongst employees and customers FOUNDING TRUTHS Satisfied customers and profitability follow. _ Respond To The Voice Of The Customer†¦Not just listen. _ _ The Restaurant General Manager Is Our #1 Leader†¦Not senior management. _ _ Run Each Restaurant As If It’s Our Only One†¦Avoid the trap of the averages. _ _ Recognition Shows You Care†¦People leave when you don’t. _ _ Quality In Everything We Do†¦Especially the food. _ Refocused international strategies _ Competitive marketing strategy_ _ Distribution strategy_ WEAKNESS: Management Shift text:list-item} {text:list-item} THREATS: Consumer health food trend {text:list-item} BRINGING ABOUT EFFICIENCY Lesser production costs Building healthy customer relationships Efficient hierarchical structure within the company starting from area_ manager till the food service team members_ _Every single chicken goes through Quality Assurance Lab. _ Porters Five Force Analysis {draw:frame} Entry _For the current Pakistanmarket for fast food, it is not diffi cult for a fast food restaurant to enter the market. However, it would be extremely difficult to take over already running major fast food chains' dominancy in Pakistanor even make a significant amount of profit. While there are enough people in urban Pakistanfor any restaurant to survive, KFC holds the first-mover advantage into the ‘non-veg food specialty food segment' that gives them free reputation. Customers, especially children who are used to going to KFC as a treat or reward from their parents or grandparents, are not going to want to go to other restaurants they’ve never heard of. The brand name is already established. Also, there is already a large variety in the numerous western-style dining places in Pakistan, such as _ McDonald’s, Pizza Hut, Domino's and Subway, and any new fast-food entrants would just be presenting something very similar to what’s already there. While small _Neighborhood restaurants generally have low barriers to entry, these are the _barriers to entry for similar restaurant businesses to enter the fast-food chain market. The customers of KFC, especially as individual buyers, have almost no bargaining power because if only one customer threatens to no longer eat at KFC, the store is not going to lower its price because the cost of losing one customer is not very great. The suppliers, like the buyers, have very little bargaining power. _In terms of food, KFC, upon its move into Pakistan, urged many of its U. S. suppliers to also extend branches into Pakistan. KFC also began helping local suppliers by giving them technological support to improve their products. This is a brilliant strategy because the supplies that KFC would otherwise need to import from the _ U. S. can now be obtained domestically, and if the U. S. suppliers decide to raise their prices, KFC can easily switch to the local suppliers. This gives us a brilliant strategy. With this strategy, KFC created competition among its suppliers, lowering the supplier bargaining power. In terms of human resources, labor cost is extremely low because the supply of non-skilled workers great exceeds the demand for them. With so little buyer and supplier bargaining powers, KFC is able to have a very tight control over its prices and expenditures. As mentioned above, there are a few major competitors in the fast-food industry _in Pakistanfor KFC, namely McDonald’s, Pizza Hut, Domino's and Subway. The substitute products, in this case, would be burgers, pizza, and sandwiches. Though they are competitors, their primary products differ greatly from each other, in that they sell, chicken, burgers and fries, pizzas, and sandwiches, respectively. Traditional _ Pakistandining, home-cooked meals, and grocery stores with ready-to-eat foods are also substitutes, as families could choose any one of these over fast food for a meal. These substitutes are definitely considered healthy as compared to the fast food chains. Even foods from street vendors count as substitute goods. Unlike what one would expect, KFC has little rivalry with similar fast-food chains in _Pakistan. The primary reason is that their core products are different, as in they sell different kinds of fast foods with very different tastes and styles. For example, if KFC raised its price for chicken by a small amount, Pakistan chicken lovers who may not be as accepting to pizzas (many Pakistanpeople strongly dislike the taste of cheese) are not going to switch to Pizza Hut just because the price for KFC increased. In addition to that, these restaurants have such different target customers that the fluctuation of price for one restaurant is not going to affect the others. For example, a full meal at KFC ranges about Rs. 100, whereas a full meal at Pizza Hut can cost over Rs. 300. The drastic difference in price assures no price competition between these restaurants. _ {draw:frame} _ {draw:frame} _ {draw:frame} _ {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} Boston Consultancy Group (BCG) Matrix {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} { text:toc-mark-start} Question Mark: {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} _Currently KFC have launched a new product in the market. They have also tried to come into the beverages market by launching its new brand of shakes called KRUSHERS. As it is a fairly new product it comes in the category of the Question Mark in the BCG Matrix. It has a low market share thus brings low revenue. KFC is advertising a lot to popularize this product so there is a lot of expenditure on it. This product is individually not bringing any profits and is a cash drain for the company. Company may decide to completely remove this product from the market if it does not do well soon and start bringing in revenue. _ {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} DOG: {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} KFC’s Veg Thali comes under this category. Although company had launched this product much earlier, it has still failed to become a success. As KFC is known more for its non-veg food, this also results in low demand for this item. It has a low market share and although low on expenditure (as company does not spend on its promotion), it does not bring in much revenue as demand is low. The product is mostly CASH NEUTRAL. {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} CASH COW: {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} KFC’s Chicken Bucket is the most successful product of the company. It has the highest market share amongst all the other products. It has good demand in the market and brings in huge sales revenue. The development and other expenses are also low and thus this product is a CASH SIRPLUS for the company. {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} STAR: {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} KFC Business Strategy KFC fast-food chains are currently under the restaurant division of PepsiCo Incorporated. Some major threats include the changing attitudes of society toward healthier eating habits, KFC has more than 9,800 outlets located in 77 countries. In marketing, KFC restaurants are not restricted from locating within close proximity of other KFC restaurants. There are two alternative strategies for KFC. The first strategy involves keeping PepsiCo beverage division and snack foods division together, and a divestiture of PepsiCo restaurant division; selling Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, and KFC. Market Strategies: KFC Target Market: KFC targets the young generation, as here in this country the young generation is more towards eating out and is more energetic. It targets the early single segment that is the upper class. Aggregation Strategy: KFC does not need aggressive marketing or advertising because Brand is strong enough. Market Segmentation: Previously they were focusing on single segment that was through Niche Marketing by offering â€Å"Combo Deals†. Now they are focusing more on other classes as well. They are dealing in masses by introducing value deals; most recently introduced â€Å"Zinger Junior†. Benefits: Colonel’s value combo meals introduced previously were expensive and so there were less sales but through their recent offers, they have increased the sales by offering low prices. Purpose: Inflation highly affects the purchasing power of the customers. And here the purchasing power of many customers is low. To cover this major segment, they have introduced affordable meals, so that it is in reach of the masses. Want Specification: The people here need a friendly and family restaurant, which must be affordable for them. Consumer Market Segmentation: Region: Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Multan, Peshawar, Sialkot, Hyderabad and Islamabad Geographic: Gulberg: The main Gulberg branch is situated on M. M Alam Road, which covers a wide area and serves a large number of customers. This restaurant faces competition with many top Fast Food restaurants located on the same road. Defence: Their Defence Branch in H-Block focuses the potential customers of Defence. Barket Market: This branch covers the area of Model Town, Johar Town, Muslim Town, Garden Town and Faisal Town. It is situated among many offices and banks. Cavalry Ground: Shadman: The Shadman branch is located on Jail Road and serves potential customers. Thokar Niaz Baig: This restaurant branch serves latent customers. Mall Road: Fortress Stadium: Marketing Mix: Marketing mix consists of 4P’s. It contains everything a firm can do to influence the demand for its product. The 4P’s are: PRODUCT PRICE PLACE PROMOTION Their product is classified as consumer product as it has no intermediates. KFC offers specialty goods. The stock turn over of KFC is high. Price and quality of the product is always compared. Their product includes {text:list-item} _ written with it. _ comes in mind. KFC Brand: {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Brands Equity Branding Strategies KFC is marketing the entire output under products own brand. Complementary Branding Packaging Strategies They use paper material for packaging to avoid health hazards and environmental pollution. Labeling Pricing In introduction stage KFC entered the market using market-skimming strategy. Their products were high price and targeted only upper class. Gradually they trickle down focusing on the middle class to penetrate the market. Also KFC follows one price strategy. Price is determined according to the rates of the raw materials and policies of the Govt. The political and legal forces often affect the policies of KFC and eventually results in change of prices that is due to imposing of taxes. KFC has only one channel of distribution i. e. direct where the goods are transferred to the consumer directly. KFC has no middlemen. KFC does distribution of consumer goods directly to the consumer. KFC also does distribution of services to the consumer like parking, sitting, home delivery, etc. KFC gets Wheels! KFC launched its first mobile unit, which took the streets of Karachi by storm. The mobile unit has been designed to cater to the needs of those who are on the go, and have little time to stop by at a restaurant. It also provides a unique convenience of enjoying the delicious KFC offering anytime, anywhere, thus making fast food truly fast and convenient. KFC intends to further develop its mobile network nationwide through more such units KFC does intensive distribution on its outlets. (All and everything on every outlet). The logo features Colonel Harland Sanders that is one of the best logo in the world has created its name as a standard in the market. Today the Colonel’s Spirit and heritage are reflected in KFC’s brand identity. KFC by its advertisements derives the d esire in the customer to come and enjoy healthy food in their favorite restaurant. They spend 2% of its profits on advertisement. They use print media and most recently doing televised marketing to promote it products. Their advertising media involve: Newspapers, Pamphlets, Billboards and Television. KFC does both the primary demand advertising (â€Å"Become a Chicken Fanatic†) and the selective demand advertising (e. g. â€Å"Zinger Meal†). In its advertising it give informative messages like â€Å"Faryad: Keep the city Clean†. KFC does institutional advertising to stimulate demand. When KFC offers new products then it does product advertising. KFC’s ad’s act as counteracts which means to drive the customer to KFC i. e. it uses pull advertising strategy. _ {draw:frame} _ Unlike McDonald’s, KFC’s promotion is highly decentralized. It adopts cultural values for their advertisements PSO had made a scheme in which PSO had given the coupons of KFC having 10% off. (1 coupon was given after each purchase of 10 liters of petrol) KFC in its advertisements says; â€Å"Nobody does chicken like KFC† â€Å"We do chicken right† The message conveyed in the ads is recognition for the brand. KFC does competitive advertisement with its head on competition with McDonalds. Regarding this KFC uses Pricing below competition strategy. KFC sponsor’s many NGO’s and other social welfare organizations like Regular sponsorship to SOS village. Sponsorships to FARYAD_ a plant and life association. FARYAD: Keep The City Clean†. They also offer different deals according to the season and occasions. _ Quality Assurance: Food Safety: Chicken & its Products: Locally produced and processed chicken. Supplied in frozen form Marketing Research and methods to collect information: Marketing research was done before launching the product through different mediums. It was conducted after the survey that mostly students prefer to go to KFC than other people. The second in majority were people who are in services. That covers the majority of this country. {draw:frame} _ {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} Strategic management: Market Development Product Development Concentric Diversification Implementations: {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Recent Achievement of KFC The Stevie International Business Awards KFC Pakistan was honored to receive the awa rd among 100 countries and 800 participants. The award was presented to Mr. Rangoonwala by Mr. Graham Allan, President, YUM Restaurants International at a recent conference in Prague, Czech Republic. KFC is a very strong chain of fast food restaurants with more than 10,000 restaurants all over the world. Being in â€Å"Maturity Stage† it has high opportunities of introducing its new products and deals. In Future it will be expanding its chain by introducing more outlets in Pakistan as well as in other countries. Believe in value creation. Provide ultimate choice of quick service restaurants for consumers. Won the hearts of millions of Pakistanis _ {draw:frame} _ References: Yum! Brands, Inc. http://www. yum. com KFC http://www. kfc. com KFC Barkat Market Mr. Shabir (Marketing Manager)